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Practical # 2 Review
1. Basic Mendelian and Non-Mendelian problems
2. Complex Mendelian and non-mendelian problems
3. Sordaria linkage
4. Transformation
1. Basic Mendelian and Non-Mendelian
problems
1.
The science of heredity is referred to as?
2. Which researcher/s discovered fundamental
principles of genetics by breeding garden peas?
3. An allele that is fully expressed is
referred to as….
4. Various forms of a gene at a given locus are
called
A. chiasmata.
B. alleles. C. autosomes. D. loci. E.
chromatids.
2. Diploid organisms
A. have corresponding alleles on homologous
chromosomes.
B. are usually the result of the fusion of two
haploid gametes.
C. have two sets of chromosomes.
D. have pairs of homologous chromosomes.
E. all of the above
3. Hybrid organisms produced from a cross
between two pure‑breeding
organisms belong to which generation?
A. P1 B. H1 C.
A1 D. F1 E. F2
4. Organisms produced from a cross between two F1 hybrids organisms
belong to which generation?
A. P1 B. H1 C.
A1 D. F1 E. F2
5. A test cross is…..
A. a mating between an individual of
unknown genotype and an individual heterozygous for the trait of
interest
B. a mating between an individual of unknown
genotype and an individual homozygous dominant for the trait of interest
C. a mating between two individuals heterozygous
for the trait of interest
D. a mating between an individual of unknown
genotype and an individual homozygous recessive for the trait of
interest
E. either a or c
5. If short hair (L) is dominant to long hair
(l), animals LL and Ll have the same
A) parents. B) genotypes.
C) phenotypes. D) alleles. E) genes.
6. In the problem below, the "R" allele is a
dominant allele specifying for round seeds (in peas), while the "r"
allele is the recessive allele specifying for wrinkled seeds. Give the
expected frequencies (as percentages or ratios) for the phenotypes of
the offspring resulting from each of these crosses.
a. Rr x Rr b. Rr x rr c. RR x Rr
7. Short hair (S) is dominant to long hair
(s). If a short‑haired animal of unknown origin is crossed with a
long‑haired animal and they produce one long‑haired and one short‑haired
offspring, this would indicate that
A.
the short‑haired animal was pure‑breeding.
B.
the short‑haired animal was not pure‑breeding.
C.
the long‑haired animal was not pure‑breeding.
D.
the long‑haired animal was pure‑breeding.
E.
none of the above can be determined with two offspring
8. If R is dominant to r, the offspring of the
cross of RR with rr will
A) be homozygous.
B) display the same phenotype as the RR parent.
C) display the same phenotype as the rr parent.
D) have the same genotype as the RR parent.
E) have the same genotype as the rr parent.
9. Mendel found that pea plants expressing a
recessive trait
A) were pure‑breeding.
B) appeared only in the first generation of a
cross between two pure‑
breeding plants expressing contrasting
forms of a trait.
C) disappeared after the second generation.
D) could be produced only if one of the
parents expressed the recessive
trait.
E) none of the above
10. According to Mendel, what kind of genes
"disappear" in F1 pea plants?
A) sex‑linked B) dominant C) recessive D)
codominant E) lethal
11. If tall (D) is dominant to dwarf (d), and
two homozygous varieties DD and dd are crossed, then what kind of
offspring will be produced?
A) all intermediate forms B) all tall
C) all dwarf D) 1/2 tall, 1/2 dwarf E) 3/4 tall, 1/4 dwarf
12. The F2 phenotypic ratio of a monohybrid
cross is
A) 1:1. B) 2:1. C)
9:3:3:1. D) 1:2:1. E) 3:1.
13. If all offspring of a cross have the
genotype Aa, the parents of the crosses would most likely be
A) AA x aa. B) Aa x
Aa. C) Aa x aa. D) AA x Aa. E) none of the
above
14. Short hair (L) is dominant to long hair
(l). If a short‑haired animal of unknown origin is crossed with a
long‑haired animal and they produce one long‑haired and one short‑haired
offspring, this would indicate that
A) the short‑haired animal was pure‑breeding.
B) the short‑haired animal was not
pure‑breeding.
C) the long‑haired animal was not
pure‑breeding.
D) the long‑haired animal was pure‑breeding.
E) none of the above can be determined with
two offspring
15. For Mendel's explanation of inheritance to
be correct,
A) the genes for the traits he studied had to
be located on the same
chromosome.
B) which gametes combine at fertilization had
to be due to chance.
C) genes could not be transmitted
independently of each other.
D) only diploid organisms would demonstrate
inheritance patterns.
E) none of the above
16. The results of a testcross reveal that all
offspring resemble the parent being tested. That parent necessarily is
A) heterozygous. B)
polygenic. C) homozygous. D) recessive.
17. For monohybrid experiments, a testcross could
result in which of the following ratios?
A) 1:1 B) 2:1 C)
9:3:3:1 D) 1:2:1 E) 3:1
18. If all the offspring of a testcross are
alike and resemble the organism being tested, then that parent is
A) homozygous dominant.
B) homozygous recessive.
C) heterozygous.
D) recessive.
E) incompletely dominant.
19. Mendel's principle of independent
assortment states that
A) one allele is always dominant to another.
B) hereditary units from the male and female
parents are blended in the offspring.
C) the two hereditary units that influence a
certain trait segregate during gamete formation.
D) each hereditary unit is inherited
separately from other hereditary units.
E) all of the above
20. Individuals with the genotype Gg Hh Ii Jj
will produce how many different kinds of gametes?
A) 2 B) 4 C)
6 D) 8 E) 16
21. An individual with a genotype of Aa Bb CC is
able to produce how many different kinds of gametes?
A) 2 B) 3 C)
4 D) 7 E) 8
22. Coat color in one breed of mice is controlled
by incompletely dominant alleles so that yellow and white are
homozygous, while cream is heterozygous. The cross of two cream
individuals will produce
A) all cream offspring.
B) equal numbers of white and yellow mice,
but no cream.
C) equal numbers of white and cream mice.
D) equal numbers of yellow and cream mice.
E) equal numbers of white and yellow mice,
with twice as many creams as
the other two colors.
23. The principle of independent assortment
A) cannot be demonstrated in a monohybrid
cross.
B) is illustrated by the behavior of linked
genes.
C) indicates that the expression of one gene
is independent of the action of another gene.
D) states that alleles for the same
characteristic separate during meiosis.
E) is negated by the phenomenon of epistasis.
25 If short hair (L) is dominant to long hair
(l), then what fraction of the offspring produced by a cross of Ll x ll
will be homozygous dominant?
A) ½ B) ¼ C)
1/3 D) none (no chance of this offspring)
E) none of the above is correct
26. If short hair (L) is dominant to long hair
(l), then to determine the genotype of a short‑haired animal it should
be crossed with
A) LL. B) Ll. C) ll.
D) all of the above E) none of the above
28 If a child has an AB blood type, the parents
A) must both have different blood types.
B) must be A and B, but not AB.
C) must both be AB.
D) can be any blood type.
E) can have different blood types, but
neither can be blood type O.
29. The F2 phenotypic ratio of a monohybrid
cross involving a gene with incompletely dominant alleles is
A) 1:1. B) 2:1. C)
9:3:3:1. D) 1:2:1. E) 3:1.
30. If shape and color of radishes are due to
incompletely dominant genes, crossing two dihybrid heterozygotes
will produce how many different phenotypes?
A) 2 B) 3 C)
4 D) 5 E) 9
31. In radishes, red and white are the
pure‑breeding colors and long and round are the pure‑breeding shapes,
while the hybrids are purple and oval. The cross of a red long radish
and a white round radish will produce an F1 generation of what
phenotype?
A) all long red radishes
B) all long white radishes
C) all long purple radishes
D) all round purple radishes
E) none of the above
32. Tall (T) is dominant to dwarf (t). Give the
F2 genotypic and phenotypic ratios of a cross between a pure‑breeding
tall plant and a pure‑breeding dwarf plant.
33. If wire hair (W) is dominant to smooth hair
(w) and you find a wire‑ haired puppy, how would you determine its
genotype by a genetic breeding experiment? Give both the genotype and
phenotype involved with the cross with the unknown.
34. If black fur color is controlled by a
dominant allele (B) and brown by its recessive allele (b), give the
genotypes of the parents and offspring of a cross of a black male with
a brown female that produces 1/2 black offspring and 1/2 brown
offspring.
35. In humans, normal skin pigmentation is
influenced by a dominant gene (C), which allows pigmentation to
develop. All individuals who are homozygous for the recessive allele
(c) are unable to produce an enzyme needed for melanin formation and are
therefore referred to as albino. Two normal parents produce an albino
child. What are the chances that the next child will be an albino?
36. In poultry, rose comb is controlled by a
dominant allele and its recessive allele controls single comb.
a.
Give the genotype and phenotype produced from crossing a pure‑
breeding rose comb chicken with a pure‑breeding single comb chicken.
b.
Give the results of the backcross of the F1 hybrid with both
pure‑breeding parents.
37. In chile pepper plants, an allele for an
ultra hot taste (H) is dominant over the allele for more mild flavor
(h). Give the genotypic and phenotypic ratios for the results of each of
the following crosses:
(a)
Hh X hh (b) Hh X Hh (c) Hh X HH
38. In human
beings, the allele for brown eyes is dominant (B) over blue eyes (b).
Suppose a blue-eyed man marries a brown-eyed woman whose father was
blue-eyed. What proportion of their children would you predict would
have blue eyes?
39. A brown-eyed man whose father was brown-eyed
and whose mother was blue-eyed marries a blue-eyed woman whose father
and mother were both brown-eyed. The couple has a blue-eyed son. For
which of the individuals mentioned can you be sure of the genotypes?
What are their genotypes? What genotypes are possible for the others?
40. In velociraptors, assume that 4- inch
razor-sharp claws (R) are dominant over dull claws (r). Suppose a
velociraptor with 4- inch razor-sharp claws (heterozygous condition)
mates with a dull-clawed raptor who's mother and father had 4- inch
razor-sharp claws. What proportion of the clutch would you predict will
have 4- inch razor-sharp claws? What is your most precise estimate of
the number of young from a 100 egg clutch resulting from this mating
that would have 4-inch razor-sharp claws?
41. In certain trees, smooth bark is dominant
over wrinkled. Cross two trees that are heterozygous for smooth bark. If
there are 100 offspring produced, how many will have wrinkled bark?
42. In Mountain Boomers, the genes for length of
tail exhibit "incomplete" dominance. Use a Punnett Square to predict the
result of a cross between a homozygous Long-tailed and a homozygous
Short-tailed Mountain Boomer. What do the offspring look like?
43. In the problem below, the "R" allele is a
dominant allele specifying for round seeds (in peas), while the "r"
allele is the recessive allele specifying for wrinkled seeds. Give the
expected frequencies (as percentages or ratios) for the phenotypes of
the offspring resulting from each of these crosses.
a. Rr x Rr b. Rr x rr c. RR x
Rr
44. A brown mink crossed with a silverblue mink
produced all brown offspring. When these F1 mink were crossed
among themselves they produced 47 brown animals and 15 silver-blue
animals (F2 generation). Determine all the genotypes and
phenotypes, and their relative ratios, in the F1 and F2
generations.
45. In sheep white is due to a dominant gene (W),
black to its recessive allele (w). A white ewe mated to a white ram
produces a black lamb. If they produce another offspring, could it be
white? If so, what are the chances of it being white? List the genotypes
of all animals mentioned in this problem.
46. In tomatoes the texture of the skin may be
smooth or peach (hairy). The Ponderosa variety has fruits with smooth
texture. The red peach variety has fruits with peach texture. Crosses
between the two varieties produce all smooth fruits. Crosses between
these smooth fruited F1 plants produced 174 peach textured
fruits and 520 smooth textured fruits. How are these skin textures
inherited?
47. A brown mouse is mated is mated with two
female black mice. When each female has produced several litters of
young, the first female has had 48 black and the second female has had
14 black and 11 brown young. Deduce the pattern of inheritance of coat
color and the genotypes of all of the parents.
48. In a certain plant, when individuals with
blue flowers are crossed with individuals with blue flowers, only blue
flowers are produced. Plants with red flowers crossed with plants with
red flowers sometimes produce only red flowers, while other times they
produce either red or blue flowers. When plants with red flowers are
crossed with plants with blue flowers, sometimes only red flowers are
produced; other times either red or blue flowers are produced. Which
gene is dominant?
49. For the problems listed below, you are to
solve the type of inheritance and explain the rationale of your choice.
- In Mice a cross between a red-eyed mouse X
white-eyed mouse produces an all red-eyed F1. If you cross two
red-eyed F1, the F2 of the cross gives 36 red-eyed and 13
white-eyed. Explain
- In certain flowers a cross between
blue-flowered plant X white-flowered plant
gives an F1: all pale-blue-flowered. The cross between pale-blue
F1 X pale-blue F1
gives F2 of 27 blue, 49 pale-blue and 24 white.
- A person, type A blood X person with
type B gives F1: all type AB blood and the F2 produced by the cross
of the type AB F1 X type AB F1 gives F2: 2 type A , 4 type AB
and 1 type B.
50. A man is accused in a paternity suit of being
the father of a child. He has type B blood, while the mother has type AB
blood. The child's blood is tested and found to be type O. The medical
technician who is conducting the test, checks and double checks the
results, and announces to the court, that there is a major problem.
Could the accused man potentially be the father of the baby? What's the
problem that the med-tech has detected?
3. Sordaria
1. Describe the life cycle of Sordaria.
2. What are ascos? What are ascosporas?
3. Is sordaria haploid or diploid?
4. How would you write the genotype of Sordaria’s
hypha?
5. How would you write the cross tan x wildtype?
6. How do the parents look like? How can you
determine that there has been crossing between wildtype and mutant?
7. How can you determine that there has been
crossing over? How can you determine if there has not been crossing
over?
8. What would you expect if there is normal
crossing over?
9. What do you expect if there is linkage?
10. In diploids. Two genes that 50 map units
apart from each other. Are they linked?
11. Two genes are 20 map units apart. What is the
percentage of recombination?
12. Ab/aB, is this trans or cis accommodation?
What about ab/AB?
13. What is a linkage group?
4. Transformation
1. Who discovered
bacterial transformation? When? How?
2. What is bacterial
transformation?
3. What are plasmids?
4.
Describe pGlo (and how each of its genes work. GFP, Amp (or bla),
the ori or origin of replication and araC.
5.
Explain each step in the process of bacterial transformation
6.
Why did you label one tube “+” and the other “-”?
What do the “+” and “-” indicate?
7.
Why did we add the bacteria to the cold calcium chloride solution?
8.
Why did we put bacteria in both tubes?
9.
Why did you heat shock the bacteria and place them on ice?
10. Why did we add Luria broth (LB) to the tubes?
Why did we change pipette
tips before adding LB to the second tube?
11.
Did you observe grow in the LB plate? Why or why not. 12. Did you
observe grow in the LB-amp plate? Why or why not.
13.
Did you observe fluorescence in the LB-Amp plate? Why or why not?
14.
Did you observe fluorescence in the LB-Amp-Ara plate? Why or why not?
15.
Explain how Green fluorescent protein works.
16.
Complete the following table in the hypothetical situation that you have
tested both tubes in all media. What would be you expected results?
|
LB Plate |
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Growth |
Color |
Number |
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With plasmid (+pGLO) |
|
|
|
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Control (-pGLO) |
|
|
|
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|LB-AMP Plate |
|
|
Growth |
Color |
Number |
|
With plasmid (+pGLO) |
|
|
|
|
Control (-pGLO) |
|
|
|
|
|LB-AMP-Ara Plate |
|
|
Growth |
Color |
Number |
|
With plasmid (+pGLO) |
|
|
|
|
Control (-pGLO) |
|
|
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Questions for understanding antibiotics
1. What is recombinant DNA? Explain in detail.
2. What are antibiotics? Give examples.
3. What are antibiotic resistance bacteria, give
examples.
4. How do you test for antibiotic resistance in
bacteria?
5. How do bacteria acquire antibiotic resistance?
6. You are working with a strain of Bacillus that
you do not know anything about it. You need to determine if this strain
is resistance to tetracyclin. How would you find out?
7. Using the same strain from exercise 6 you
decided to do a multi test and these are your results. What can you
infer about this strain?
Nutrient agar – Ampicillin plates: Nothing grows.
Nutrient agar –starch : Bacteria grows as a
lawn.
Nutrient agar –starch-amp: Nothing grows
Nutrient agar- kan : A few colonies grow.
Nutrient agar kan-tet : A few colonies grow
Nutrient agar – starch – kan: Bacteria grows as a
lawn
Nutrient agar – starch – kan : You find a few
hundred colonies.
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