SUFFOLK COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE Division of Science, Engineering & Technology Biology Department BY 32 - Anatomy & Physiology I I Prof. D. S. Kisiel First Examination Section 2414 28 February, 1991 PART I - MULTIPLE CHOICE (80 points): Please read each question very carefully and choose the BEST answer of the choices given. Blacken the corresponding space on the special answer sheet provided. 1. All of the systems in the body primarily act to maintain homeostasis EXCEPT the: a. endocrine d. reproductive b. urinary e. integumentary c. circulatory 2. The function of digestion is to: a. split molecules and thereby provide energy b. hasten the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen c. obtain a constant food supply d. build up fuel storage molecules e. convert complex molecules to simple ones which can be absorbed by membranes 3. Which of the following is the CORRECT sequence of tissue layers in the wall of the hollow digestive organs from the lumen outward? a. mucosa - submucosa - muscularis - serosa b. serosa - submucosa - muscularis - mucosa c. submucosa - serosa - mucosa - muscularis d. adventitia - muscularis - submucosa - mucosa e. mucosa - submucosa - serosa - muscularis 4. The peritoneal fold that hangs over the front of the intestine and stores large quantities of fat is called the: a. visceral peritoneum d. parietal peritoneum b. lesser omentum e. greater omentum c. mesentery 5. The teeth that are adapted for TEARING are the: a. incisors d. canines b. molars e. premolars c. bicuspids 6. Which of the following would be useful to stimulate appetite? a. a glass of wine before meals b. a high protein broth c. a special menu of favorite foods d. a cheese and cracker snack e. none of the above 7. Because of the buffering agents secreted by the salivary glands, the pH of the mouth is: a. strongly acid d. basic b. acidic e. strongly basic c. nearly neutral 8. In the mouth, carbohydrates are digested by: a. amylase d. rennin b. bile e. mucin c. pepsin 9. Identify the structure listed below which has NO chemical digestive function: a. salivary gland d. small intestine b. stomach e. duodenum c. esophagus 10. Gastric glands are found in the: a. mouth d. small intestine b. esophagus e. colon c. stomach 11. Gastrin triggers the release of: a. amylase d. secretin b. bile e. erepsin c. HCl 12. HCl is derived from the: a. villi of the small intestine b. large intestine or colon c. beta cells of the pancreas d. rugae of the esophagus e. parietal cells of the stomach 13. Which of the following is NOT found in the gastric juice when it is first secreted? a. pepsin d. pepsinogen b. rennin e. mucin c. HCl 14. Normally, the stomach empties: a. in spurts, about 4% of its contents per minute b. when a certain percentage of protein has been converted to polypeptides c. in a single action d. when we feel hungry e. none of the above 15. Bile and pancreatic juice enter the digestive system for the FIRST time in the : a. duodenum d. colon b. jejunum e. stomach c. ileum 16. The villi of the small intestine are responsible for: a. peristalsis b. gaseous exchange c. absorption of digested food d. absorption of water e. "a" and "d" of the above 17. Protein- digesting enzymes are secreted as inactive forms and do not become activated until they make contact with food. The primary reason for this is that the protein-digesting enzymes: a. are very weak and would loose potency by the time they reached the food b. are constantly produced by the body c. cause tissue destruction d. are produced only once a day e. none of the above 18. Vitamin K, which humans are capable of producing in the body, is produced: a. in the appendix d. "b" and "c" of the above b. in the large intestine e. all of the above c. with the aid of bacteria 19. The action of lipase is to : a. convert starch to dextrin and maltose b. begin the chemical digestion of proteins c. digest emulsified fats d. convert complex sugars to simple sugars e. none of the above 20. The replacement of hepatic cells by fibrous connective tissue and frequently adipose tissue is called: a. jaundice d. cirrhosis b. hepatitis e. colitus c. peritonitis 21. Bile is secreted by the: a. liver d. kidneys b. pancreas e. walls of the stomach c. small intestine 22. Ammonia produced by deamination is converted by the human liver into a less toxic substance called: a. amines d. glycogen b. buffers e. urea c. carbonic acid 23. MOST of the reabsorption of water from chyme in digestive track takes place PRIMARILY in the: a. small intestine d. appendix b. large intestine e. stomach c. rectum 24. Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between the: a. environment and the blood b. alveoli and the blood c. environment and the cell d. blood and the cells e. none of the above 25. Diffusion of gases is dependent on which of the following? a. blood pressure b. the concentration of the gas in the areas involved c. the relative amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide d. the tension of the laryngeal folds e. all of the above except "b" 26. It is advantageous to breathe through the nose, as opposed to the mouth because the nose: a. contains hair and cilia which clean the air b. contains blood sinuses which warm the air c. humidifies the air d. all of the above e. none of the above 27. Immediately inferior to the larynx is the: a. alveolus d. bronchus b. trachea e. glottis c. pharynx 28. The tendency of the lungs to collapse is: a. equalized by the surface tension of the water (surfactant) layer of the respiratory membrane: b. caused by surfactant c. caused by surface tension and elastic tissue d. due to the difference of pressure between the lung and the atmosphere e. greatest during inspiration 29. Gas exchange in humans takes place in the: a. bronchi d. bronchioles b. larynx e. alveoli c. epiglottis 30. During the inspiratory phase of the respiratory cycle, intrapulmonic pressure changes FROM 760 mm Hg to: a. 800 mm Hg d. 755 mm Hg b. 765 mm Hg e. 700 mm Hg c. 760 mm Hg 31. Simultaneous contraction of the diaphragm and relaxation of the anterior abdominal wall musculature with the glottis opened results in: a. exhalation b. inhalation c. decreased intra-thoracic pressure d. "a" and "c" of the above e. "b" and "c" of the above 32. Which one of the following does NOT occur during inspiration? a. The diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract. b. The pressure in the thoracic cavity decreases c. An impulse is sent to the pneumotaxic center in the pons. d. The volume of the thoracic cavity decreases e. The expiratory center is inhibited. 33. Pneumothorax: a. means literally tired lungs b. is a condition in which the lungs remain stretched during the resting position of the thorax c. causes collapse of the lungs d. means the same as ventilation e. occurs normally following hyperventilation 34. A normal figure for minute respiratory volume is: a. 500 ml/min d. 4400 ml/min b. 800 ml/min e. 6000 ml/min c. 3400 ml/min 35. The tidal air volume is approximately: a. 50 ml d. 200 ml b. 100 ml e. 500 ml c. 150 ml 36. Which one of the following statements is CORRECT? a. Contraction of the diaphragm aids in expiration b. At rest, expiration is usually an active process. c. During forced expiration, the externa; intercostal muscles are contracted. d. Respiration is controlled by neurons whose cells are found in the medulla of the brain. e. Inspiration is the result of passive relaxation of the diaphragm. 37. Which one of the following is paired CORRECTLY. a. apneustic center - inhibits inspiration b. pneumotaxic center - stimulates inspiration c. lung stretch receptors - inhibit respiration d. "a" and "b" of the above e. all of the above 38. An ELEVATED BREATHING RATE may suggest: a. decreased surface area of the lungs b. decreased circulation of blood c. brain damage to the medulla d. anemia e. all of the blood 39. The oxygen-transporting pigment in humans is: a. leucocyte d. fibrinogen b. hemoglobin e. albumin c. carbonic acid 40. Carbon dioxide: a. is carried in largest quantities in the blood as dissolved carbon dioxide b. is converted to carbonic acid by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase c. increases the dissociation (affinity) of oxygen from the hemoglobin molecule d. concentration in the alveoli is the same as the carbon dioxide e. "b" and "c" of the above Interesting Observation: "Billy Reuben had the gall to complain that some common ducks were obstructed, leaving a vile pigment on his stones." NAME___________________________________ First Examination Section: 2414 12 February 1991 PART II - Essays (20 points) Choose two (2) questions, one (1) from each paired set, and answer completely on the bottom and back of this page. 1. A. Describe the role of the liver in the removing worn-out RBC's and the recycling of the component parts. Include the anabolic and catabolic interrelationships among the various organic compounds. OR B. Discuss the interrelationship of the liver, gall bladder, pancreas and small intestine as they synergistically function during the physiology of duodenal digestion. Include enzymatic, hormonal and other digestive secretions. 2. A. Contrast inspiration and expiration as they relate to the active and passive mechanisms of breathing. Include pressure/volume relationships, as well as intrapleural, intrapulmonic and atmospheric pressure relationships. OR B. Explain how the chemoreceptors monitor blood chemistry to maintain normal breathing rates. Include the stimulants monitored, the neural connections involved and the resulting effects on ventilation.