SUFFOLK COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE Division of Science, Engineering & Technology Biology Department BY 32 - Anatomy & Physiology I I Prof. D. S. Kisiel Third Examination Section: 2414 22 April 1993 PART I - MULTIPLE CHOICE (80 points): Please READ each question very carefully and choose the BEST answer of the choices given. BLACKEN the corresponding space on the special answer sheet provided. 1. The organ that regulates a person's ionic balance is the: a. liver d. stomach b. kidney e. pancreas c. intestines 2. Which one of the following is INCORRECT? a. The kidneys are retroperitoneal. b. It is surgically impossible to operate on the kidneys without opening the peritoneal cavity. c. Each kidney is capped by an adrenal gland. d. The ureters are attached to the kidneys at the hilum. e. The internal cavities of the kidneys are the pelvis and calyces. 3. After LEAVING the distal convoluted tubule urine passes through which of the following listed structures THIRDLY: a. collecting duct d. pelvis b. calyx e. urethra c. ureter 4. The tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body is called the: a. glomerulus d. urethra b. distal convoluted tubule e. ureter c. collecting duct 5. Adults can control the time of urination because: a. they have developed extremely large bladders b. higher nervous centers (brain) control the impulses of the parasympathetic nerves to the bladders and the somatic nerves to the external sphincter c. the stretch receptors are non-functional d. adults do not have spinal reflexes e. all of the above 6. Renal corpuscles (glomerulus + capsule) are located in the: a. medulla d. cortex b. pelvis e. pyramids c. renal columns 7. Which of the following is the CORRECT blood flow through the kidney? a. efferent arteriole ---> capillary ---> vein ---> capillary ---> afferent arteriole b. afferent arteriole ---> capillary ---> vein ---> capillary ---> efferent arteriole c. efferent arteriole ---> capillary ---> afferent arteriole ---> capillary ---> vein d. afferent arteriole ---> capillary ---> efferent arteriole ---> capillary ---> vein e. none of the above 8. Podocytes are found in: a. glomerular capsules d. descending loop of Henle b. proximal tubules e. distal tubules c. descending loop of Henle 9. The correct order which the renal filtrate follows as it passes through the nephron is: a. Bowman's capsule ---> proximal tubule ---> distal tubule ---> Henle's loop ---> collecting duct b. Bowman's capsule ---> proximal tubule ---> Henle's loop ---> distal tubule ---> collecting duct c. Bowman's capsule ---> Henle's loop ---> proximal tubule ---> distal tubule ---> collecting duct d. Bowman's capsule --->collecting duct ---> proximal tubule ---> Henle's loop ---> distal tubule e. none of the above 10. Juxtaglomerular cells occur at the junction of the: a. distal convoluted tubule and the efferent arteriole b. proximal convoluted tubule and the afferent arteriole c. distal convoluted tubule and the renal artery d. proximal convoluted tubule and the efferent arteriole e. distal convoluted tubule and the afferent arteriole 11. Glomerular filtration occurs at about a pressure of: a. 1 mm Hg d. 100 mm Hg b. 8 mm Hg e. 125 mm Hg c. 25 mm Hg 12. Urea is filtered from the blood through the: a. collecting tubule d. glomerulus b. convoluted tubule e. renal pelvis c. peritubular capillaries 13. The nephron concentrates urine by: a. secreting much less solvent than the blood contains b. secreting sodium c. reabsorbing sodium by the sodium pump d. osmotic reabsorption of water e. "c" and "d" of the above 14. Which of the following make(s) the production of a hypertonic urine possible? a. the countercurrent exchange mechanism b. Henle's loop c. the passage of the collecting duct through the medulla d. "a" and "b" of the above e. all of the above 15. Urine is MORE acidic than blood plasma because of: a. tubular reabsorption of ammonia b. tubular secretion of hydrogen ions c. the countercurrent multiplier mechanism d. reabsorption of sodium e. glomerular filtration 16. Angiotensin is: a. a local hormone produced by the intestinal mucosa to increase peristalsis b. produced by the pineal gland to aid in vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels c. a plasma hormone that elevates the blood pressure d. produced in response to thymosin e. all of the above 17. Aldosterone: a. increases reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys b. strongly promotes gluconeogenesis c. secretion is inhibited by angiotensin d. "a" and "b" of the above e. all of the above 18. ADH is produced by the: a. adrenal gland d. liver b. kidney e. none of the above c. lung 19. Which one of the following is NOT true of endocrine glands? a. They secrete their product into the blood stream. b. Their product is a hormone. c. They are, generally speaking, ductless glands. d. Hormones are considered to be chemical messengers. e. The nervous and endocrine systems are not very closely related in terms of function. 20. Hormones: a. are produced by exocrine glands b. are carried in the blood to virtually all parts of the body c. remain at constant concentration in the blood d. all of the above e. none of the above 21. Which of the following is the FINAL result of the mechanism of action for many non-steroid hormones? a. cAMP activates an enzymes b. adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP c. hormone binds to receptor sites on membrane d. enzyme causes some reaction in cell e. prostaglandin may modify cAMP before it acts 22. When a steroid hormone enters a target cell and combines with a receptor molecule, the complex formed is thought to: a. activate specific genetic translation b. inhibit cyclic AMP formation c. exert a direct inhibitory effect upon the endocrine gland that released the hormone d. "a" and "b" of the above e. all of the above 23. The mechanism by which a particular pituitary hormone may influence the brain's secretion of releasing or inhibiting substances is known as: a. positive feedback d. negative feedback b. long feedback loop e. none of the above c. short positive feedback loop 24. Releasing or inhibiting hormones are produced ENTIRELY by: a. target organs b. anterior lobe of the pituitary c. posterior lobe of the pituitary d. hypothalamus e. hypophysis 25. The adenohypophysis? a. is derived from mesoderm b. includes the posterior lobe c. produces most of the hypophyseal secretions d. "a" and "b" of the above e. "a" and "c" of the above 26. Which one of the following is CORRECT? a. ACTH stimulates the adrenal medulla to secrete cortisol. b. ACTH is a protein. c. ACTH oversecretion leads to symptoms of Cushing's Syndrome. d. ACTH stimulates the production of epinephrine. e. ACTH is secreted by the neurohypophysis. 27. Which of the following hormones stimulates the secretory activity of the thyroid gland? a. parathormone d. thyroxin b. LH e. ACTH c. TSH 28. Which one of the following is INCORRECT? a. LH is known as ICSH in males. b. LH is a glycoprotein. c. In males, LH causes its target organ to produce testosterone. d. Surging levels of LH can lead to ovulation in women. e. Hypersecretion of LH results in a diabetogenic effect. 29. Which of the following is NOT true of prolactin: a. It is involved in milk production in females b. Undersecretion may cause failure to lactate after giving birth. c. It is controlled by the hypothalamus d. Hypersecretion causes the "let down" of milk. e. It is secreted by the adenohypophysis 30. The LACK of growth hormone results in: a. acromegaly d. all of the above b. pituitary e. none of the above c. achondroplasia 31. Reabsorption of water in the kidney tubules is controlled by the hormone: a. ADH d. TSH b. ACTH e. oxycitocin c. GH 32. Oxytocin: a. can be extracted from the neurohypophysis b. stimulates milk production c. acts on the smooth muscle of the uterus d. "a" and "c" of the above e. all of the above 33. The amount of protein-bound iodine in plasma reflects the level of circulating: a. parathormone d. progesterone b. norepinephrine e. none of the above c. secretin 34. A goiter may be associated with: a. a hyperthyroid state d. "a" and "b" of the above b. a hypothyroid state e. none of the above c. a normal state 35. Which of the following relationships between endocrine glands and their functions is NOT correct? a. thyroid -- regulates oxygen utilization and metabolism b. adrenal cortex -- regulation of mineral and water balance c. parathyroids -- regulate iron metabolism and blood coagulation d. pancreas -- regulation of glucose to glycogen conversion e. adenohypophysis -- growth regulation 36. Insulin: a. hypersecretion produces diabetes mellitus b. is secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans c. hyposecretion causes hypoglycemia d. "a" and "b" of the above e. "b" and "c" of the above 37. Which of the following stimulates conversion of liver glycogen to glucose? a. aldosterone d. glucagon b. ADH e. epinephrine c. insulin 38. Cushing's disease is caused by EXCESSIVE activity in the: a. thyroid d. parathyroids b. adrenals e. gonads c. pancreas 39. The primary stimulus for the secretion of aldosterone is: a. rising potassium concentration in the adrenal cortex b. falling potassium concentration in the adrenal cortex e. cortisone c. rising sodium concentration in the adrenal cortex d. falling sodium concentration in the adrenal cortex e. none of the above 40. Epinephrine (adrenalin): a. is an enzyme d. increases heart rate b. is a hormone e. "b" and "d" of the above c. decreases heart rate Interesting Quote: "People can be divided into three groups: those who make things happen, those who watch things happen, and those who wonder what happened." NAME:______________________________ Third Examination Section: 2414 22 April 1993 PART II - ESSAYS (20 points) Choose two (2) questions, one (1) from each paired set, and answer completely on the bottom and back of this page. 1. A. Distinguish between obligatory and facultative reabsorption. OR B. Contrast the roles of aldosterone and ADH in the regulation of osmolarity balance by the renal tubules. 2. A. Contrast the mechanisms of hormonal action involving interaction with plasma membrane transport receptors with that involving activation of genes. OR B. Discuss how the pituitary gland and hypothalamus are structurally and functionally related. (From what tissue did they develop? How are they inter-connected? How does one regulate the other? What are their respective actions?)